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POLISH CASES
Yeah, this document will be about auxiliary questions to each case.
MIANOWNIK – Nominative
Kto? /Co? – Who/ What ... is it?
Co to jest? To jest dom. – What is it? It’s a house. Dom jest biały. – The house is white. To jest książka. – It’s a book.
BIERNIK – Accusative
Kogo?/ Co? – Who/what... I see? / I have?
Mam książkę. – I have a book
CELOWNIK – Dative
Komu? /Czemu? – to whom/to what... ...do you want to say it? / to give it?
Daję książkę bratu. – I’m giving a book to (my) brother.
Opowiadam ci bajkę. – I’m telling you a fable.
DOPEŁNIACZ – Genitive
Kogo?/ Czego? – 1) of who/what? /2) to who/what... ... am I going? 3) ... nie mam (I don’t have)
To kot mojej siostry. – It’s a cat of my sister.
Idę do mojej siostry. – I’m going to my sister.
Długopis jest używany do pisania. – The pen is used for writing.
Jestem przygotowany do lekcji. - I’m prepared for a lesson
Nie chcę pieniędzy. – I don’t want money. Nie lubię mojej siostry. – I don’t like my sister.
NARZĘDNIK – Instrumental
(z) kim?/ (z) czym? – with who? With/by what?
Mieszkam z kotem. – I live with a cat. Wycieram się kotem. – I towel down with a cat.
(^^ What? Don’t laugh! Maybe some children in Africa don’t have any towel. They have to manage somehow...)
MIEJSCOWNIK – Locative
o kim? / o czym? – about who / about what... ...am I thinking? ...don’t I remember?
Pamiętam o książce. – I remember about the book. Nie pamiętam o książce. – I don’t remember about the book.
O czym ty mówisz?! – What are you talking about?! Mówię o moim bracie. – I’m talking about my brother.
WOŁACZ – Vocative
O! – Oh! :-)
O mój Boże! – Oh my God! Mój Panie? – My Lord?
Ty głupia krowo! – You stupid cow! Ty idioto! – You idiot!
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SIDE-NOTES
Every word in dictionary is written in nominative.
Every subject is in nominative.
It concerns words which can become a subject if we passivize the sentence.
(the book can be “had” :P therefore the book is in accusative)
książka can be given = biernik but brother can’t be given, cause he’s not a slave! ^^ so... brother is a destination/receiver of our action (giving) and therefore he’s in Dative.
The fable is being told, not you. You are a receiver =Dative
1. Every time if in the english sentence there is ‘of’, when we are saying about an owner of sth
2. Every time if in the sentence there is ‘do’ (to), e.g. to go to, sb is prepared to work / for working
3. For negative sentences! Compare:
Mam książkę. [BIERNIK] - I have the book. Nie mam książki.[DOPEŁNIACZ] – I don’t have the book. Widzę książkę. [BIERNIK] – I see the book. Nie widzę książki. [DOPEŁNIACZ] – I don’t see the book.
When there is no ‘z’ it means that the word in instrumental case is being used as a tool.
Always if in the sentence there is ‘o’ (about)
No difference if it’s positive or negative.
Compare:
Czym jedziesz do szkoły? – By what do go to school? Jadę tramwajem. [NARZĘDNIK] – I go by tramway.
O czym myślisz? – What are you thinking about? Myślę o tramwaju. [MIEJSCOWNIK] - I’m thinking about a tramway.
The least important, really. Quo vadis, domine? – it’s in this case btw.
It’s about calling/summoning sth up, or...
for cursing somebody ^^
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