One of the main challenges that humanity faces in the 21st century is the responsible, effective and intelligent management of the planet's resources. Environmentalists repeatedly emphasize the fact that our society is very rapidly running out natural resources (Lélé 1991). However, economic and ecological activities continue to be treated as independent variables by almost all governments and policies. These issues and their incorporation into economic policies are a task that economists must urgently confront (Farley et al. 2007).

Sanders (2016) argued that almost all governments and countries have recognized that there are interrelationships between economic growth and inequality, or between poverty and ecological problems, or between the latter and industrial development, but such relations are not accurate or simple. In addition, he believes progress with equity and at the same time ecologically viable must be indisputable, necessary and desirable. However, he pointed out that in fact there seem to be tensions and contradictions between them, such as the imperatives of economic growth and the demands for social justice, or ecological needs and productive technical requirements, or the demands of alleviating poverty and the conservation of biodiversity (Sanders 2016).

Economic activities have caused a direct impact on the environment and can deprive future generations to meet their needs. As a result of this issue, the decision about taking a different economic approach is shifting in order to minimize environmental deterioration (Perrings 1994).

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